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Biochar Sources

Billings, S.A., de Souza, L.F.T. 2020. Earth’s soil harbours ancient carbon. Nat. Geosci. 13, 527–528.

Borchard, N., Schirrmann, M., Cayuela, M.L., Kammann, C., Wrage-Mönnig, N., Estavillo, J.M., Fuertes-Mendizábal, T., Sigua, G., Spokas, K., Ippolito, J.A., Novak, J. 2019. Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: a meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment 651:2354–2364.

Brewer, C. E., Chuang, V. J., Masiello, C. A., Gonnermann, H., Gao, X., Dugan, B., Davies, C. A. 2014. New approaches to measuring biochar density and porosity. Biomass and Bioenergy, 66, 176–185.

Cayuela, M.L., van Zwieten, L., Singh, B.P., Jeffrey, S, Roig, A., Sanchez-Monedero, M.A., 2014. Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions: A review and meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 191, 5–16.

Cato, M. 1934. De Agricultura. Loeb Classical Library, available at https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/D*.html.

Downie, A., Zweiten, L.V., Smernik, R.J., Morris, S., Munroe, P. 2011. Terra Preta Australis: Reassessing the carbon storage capacity of temperate soils, Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 140(1-2):137-147.

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Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F. G. A., van der Velde, M., & Bastos, A. C. 2011. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar applica- tion to soils on crop productivity using meta‐analysis. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 144, 175–187.

Kammann, C., Ippolito, J., Hagemann, N., Borchard, N., Cayuela, M.L., Estavillo, J.M., Fuertes-Mendizabal, T., Jeffery, S., Kern, J., Novak, J., Rasse, D., Saarnio, S., Schmidt, H.P., Spokas, K., Wrage-Mönnig, N. 2017. Biochar as a tool to reduce the agricultural greenhouse-gas burden—knowns, unknowns and future research needs. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 25(2):114–139

Lehmann, J., and Joseph, S., eds. 2015. Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology, and Implementation. Oxfordshire (UK): Routledge 2d ed. 2015.

Marris, E. 2006. Putting the carbon back: Black is the new green. Nature, 442, 624-626.

O’Toole, A., Andersson, D., Gerlach, A., Glaser, B., Kammann, C.I., Kern, J., Kuoppamäki, K., Mumme, J., Schmidt, H.P., Schulze, M., Srocke, F., Stenrød, M., Stenström, J. 2016. Current and future applications for biochar. In: Shackley, S., Ruysschaert, G., Zwart, K., Glaser, B., eds. Biochar in European Soils and Agriculture: Science and Practice. Abington: Taylor & Francis Group.

Schmidt, H.P., Hagemann, N., Draper, K., Kammann, C. 2019. The use of biochar in animal feeding. PeerJ 7:e7373.

Schmidt, H.P. 2012. Treating liquid manure with biochar. Ithaka Journal 1/2012: 273–276.

Toth, J.D., Dou, Z. 2016. Use and impact of biochar and charcoal in animal production systems. In: Guo, M., He, Z., Uchimiya, S.M., eds. Agricultural and Environmental Applications of Biochar: Advances and Barriers. Madison: Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Overview of Greenhouse Gases, available at https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases, accessed June 1, 2021.

Yao, Y., Gao, B., Zhang, M., Inyang, M., & Zimmerman, A. R. 2012. Effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate in a sandy soil. Chemosphere, 89, 1467–1471.